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Oct 6, 2026 · HackerOnStreet

Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity Basics

welcome to Basic lecture of Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity .that will help you to understand in good way. Do remember with… Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity Basics |P1-OS| welcome to Basic lecture of Linux,

linux windowslinux windows macoslinuxwindowsmacoscybersecuritybasicsrootdirectorydrwxr-xr-x
Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity Basics

welcome to Basic lecture of Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity .that will help you to understand in good way. Do remember with…

Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity Basics |P1-OS|

welcome to Basic lecture of Linux, Windows, and macOS in Cybersecurity .that will help you to understand in good way. Do remember with this you need to use one OS for your learning .

In OS Lecture you will also understand networks , SSH , file Permission and Controller , Wear House Production , Request Handling Manual and Automation. CLI will tell you how you can manage your resource. its also safe your Ram , Space, Processor and etc .

Linux Commands:

  1. ls — List files and directories.

This command ls tell you that number of file and Directories (Folder ). The Command may work in different way with Sudo Access ( root access ) . the fallowing image will tell you difference.

With Root :

in root access it need password . but for all function running root can harm your OS .

1*TlXP8QEKS9xEDC yI0gkkQ

With out Root :

with out root you can proforma small task .

1*9T 4ou ekLRJwcdIfOPYzw
  1. ls -la Tell you in More details

This Command will show you how many files & folder you have in current location where you run . with -la Command its Show Root Status for file and folder if file is


ls -la 

drwx------ 18 root root  4096 Jun  3 06:47 .
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root  4096 Jun  3 06:27 ..
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Jan 30 06:03 .anydesk
-rw-------  1 root root   596 Feb  8 23:57 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  5551 Oct  4  2022 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   571 Oct  4  2022 .bashrc.original
drwx------ 24 root root  4096 Jan 30 06:07 .cache
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Oct  9  2022 .commix
drwx------ 13 root root  4096 Feb  9 10:14 .config
drwx------  3 root root  4096 Oct  5  2022 .dbus
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 11656 Oct  4  2022 .face
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root    11 Jan 31 23:04 .face.icon -> /root/.face
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Feb 10 22:40 .hplip
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root  4096 Dec  7 21:49 .java
-rw-------  1 root root    20 Dec 21 22:29 .lesshst
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Oct  5  2022 .local
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Jan 27 17:15 .msf4
-rw-------  1 root root   240 Dec 20 00:42 .mysql_history
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root  4096 Feb  9 02:48 .npm
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   262 Feb  8 22:14 paused.conf
drwx------  3 root root  4096 Oct  8  2022 .pki
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   161 Jul 26  2022 .profile
-rw-------  1 root root    24 Mar  2 15:27 .python_history
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    66 Dec  4 15:50 .selected_editor
drwx------  2 root root  4096 Nov 15  2022 .ssh
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Jan  2 01:30 .subversion
-rw-r--r--  1 root root     0 Oct  5  2022 .sudo_as_admin_successful
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Oct  8  2022 .vscode-oss
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Oct  5  2022 .wpscan
drwxr-xr-x  9 root root  4096 Oct 30  2022 .Xpath
-rw-------  1 root root 32533 Jan 30 06:12 .zsh_history
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 10877 Oct  4  2022 .zshrc
  1. cd — Change directory.

This command will simply Change the Folder location lets see how its work


cd ~

example 2 :

in this matched you can use cd with folder location and it will more you to your desire location

cd /path/to/directory
  1. pwd — Print working directory.

Which mean where you currently located this command also help me alot of time while i am working with SHH . it also help me to go on file location folder when i seen bug somewhere . :)

  1. mkdir — Create a new directory.

This command will help to to Create a new directory. ( folder ) for example you want to make Small Folder Open your Terminal Type

mkdir Folder1
  1. rm — Remove files or directories.

rm will help you to delete file or folder . for example rm -r Folder2 . do remember if the folder in root area or you make folder in root terminal it will not work in that way for for that you have to use root access to delete from that area .

  1. cp — Copy files and directories.
  2. cp — Copy files can help you to copy files and then move to next folder .
  3. mv — Move or rename files and directories.
  4. cat — Concatenate and display file content.

cat command will show show everything in files if its TXT , PHP , HTML file . its a safe way to look inside a file

─(imran㉿imran)-[~]
└─$ cat  index.html.1 
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
<html>
 <head>
  <title>Index of /</title>
 </head>
 <body>
<h1>Index of /</h1>
  <table>
   <tr><th valign="top">&nbsp;</th><th><a href="?C=N;O=D">Name</a></th><th><a href="?C=M;O=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="?C=S;O=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="?C=D;O=A">Description</a></th></tr>
   <tr><th colspan="5"><hr></th></tr>
   <tr><th colspan="5"><hr></th></tr>
</table>
</body></html>b
  1. grep — Search for specific patterns in files.

grep -E “pattern1|pattern2” file.txt

Changing to a directory using an absolute path:

  • Linux/MacOS: cd /path/to/directory
  1. chmod — Change file permissions.

Windows Commands:

  1. dir — List files and directories.

it will show you how many folders you have right now in place where you are located in Window but this command work same in Linux .

┌──(imran㉿imran)-[~]
└─$ dir
1984\ -\ 1984.pdf                    dd              index.html.1      mt5ubuntu.sh       PHP                  scan_results.txt  UKLST
Android                              Desktop         ip                Music              PhpstormProjects     s.ctb             vendor
AndroidStudioProjects                dns             laravelissue      new                Pictures             s.ctb~            vicidial_auth_entries.txt
BENA                                 Documents       log               Newa               Public               s.ctb~~           Videos
BroadcomInstaller2022                Downloads       lynis.log         node_modules       PycharmProjects      s.ctb~~~          Wirelesss
clone                                fdf             lynis-report.dat  NTI                rohail               sib               wordpress
composer.json                        FULLTEXT01.pdf  main.js           package.json       RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql    Templates         wss
composer.lock                        ghf             microsoft         package-lock.json  RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql.1  Test
--data=?s=INJECT_HERE&Submit=Submit  index.html      mt5setup.exe      payloads.txt       s                    TryMyUI
  1. cd — Change directory.
  2. chdir — Change directory (alternative to cd).
  3. mkdir — Create a new directory.
  4. del — Delete files.

this command will work in same way with R

  1. copy — Copy files.
  2. move — Move or rename files.
  3. type — Display file content.
  4. findstr — Search for specific patterns in files.
  5. attrib — Modify file attributes.

macOS Commands:

  1. ls — List files and directories.
  2. cd — Change directory.
  3. pwd — Print working directory.
  4. mkdir — Create a new directory.
  5. rm — Remove files or directories.
  6. cp — Copy files and directories.
  7. mv — Move or rename files and directories.
  8. cat — Concatenate and display file content.
  9. grep — Search for specific patterns in files.
  10. chmod — Change file permissions.

Some of Most of Command are same in these OS . its batter for you to Learn every day . best way to use these os use one OS.